ABSTRACT
Apiaceae family is one of the largest plant families with wide distribution all around the world. The genus Hippomarathrum has 28 species around the world which among them the species H. microcarpum outspread in the North, Northwest, West and Central of Iran, and also Turkey, Caucasus and Iraq. In this study, the main compounds in ethyl acetate extract from aerial parts of the plant Hippomarathrum microcarpum have been studied. The isolation and purification of the compounds were carried out using column chromatography. The structure of isolated compound established according 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral data. Two coumarins [osthole and isoimperatorin] and one sterol [beta-sitosterol] have been isolated and identified from ethyl acetate extract. The presence of coumarines like osthole and isoimperatorin in H. microcarpum cause of the importance of this plant. This coumarines have verity of usages in traditional medicine and recent studies have supported most of these usages and revealed new effects of these coumarines. As regard that more research haven't been done about this plant and also because of significance effects of isolated coumarines, it seems necessary to perform further studies on biological effects of this plant
ABSTRACT
As achieving the intended goals in medical education necessitates the utilization of effective teaching and learning methods, in order to further retention of the knowledge, continuous research is needed to study the factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative development of medical education. This study was to recognize the factors delineated by the students and teachers as to be important in the teaching-learning process. This was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study comprised of 880 students and 68 teachers at the Medical University of Birjand, lasting from April 2003 till April 2004. SPSS software and statistical test of Mann-Whitney were used for data analysis. In this study, teachers' and students' opinions about the characteristics of an effective teaching-including Professional, and personal characteristics of the teachers, and motivation students toward independent learning each consisting of several items - were assessed with regard to their sex, marital status, residential status, educational level, and educational group. The results were as the following: Professional characteristics of the teachers: Mastery over the subject, rational sequencing of the subject matters, proper use of the basic knowledge of the related discipline, and use of simple language in teaching, were the choices rated by the teachers and students as the most important ones. Personal characteristics of teachers: self confidence in teaching, interest in teaching, clear speech were the choices most rated by the teachers and students. Amongst the 3 characteristics of an effective teaching, teachers gave the first priority to motivation the students toward independent learning, while students regarded the professional characteristics of the teachers as the most preferred one. The study found that teachers and students regarded mastery over the subject, self-confidence in teaching, use of simple language in teaching, interest in teaching, and clear speech as the most important factors necessary for having an effective teaching
Subject(s)
Humans , Education, Medical , Students, Medical , Schools, Medical , Learning , Surveys and Questionnaires , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
Different factors can make students interested in studying medicine and cause a positive attitude towards their course of study, or in contrast, lead to their boredom, distraction, and disappointment to continue their education. Thus, this study aims to assess influential factors in the attitude of medical students towards their own discipline. A survey study was performed on 227 medical students who were chosen by stratified random sampling. The data was gathered by a self-administered questionnaire covering different factors affecting medical students' attitude towards studying medicine. The data was analyzed by SPSS software using mean, frequency and chi-square tests. Personal interests, serving society, social status of medicine, and society's belief on the importance of medicine were the most important factors in choosing medicine as a discipline. Teachers' evaluation method, shortage of research facilities, lack of job security, and educational regulations were among the most important factors causing a negative attitude in medical students towards studying medicine. The feelings to help patients and satisfy others were the most important factors causing a positive attitude in students. Although the interest in medicine had decreased during different years of study, no significant difference was observed. There was a significant relationship between students' attitude and some of their demographic characteristics. The problems resulting from evaluation methods, research facilities and future job security were the most important factors causing a negative attitude towards medicine. Therefore, accurate educational planning, having standard examinations and planning to achieve professional security can improve these attitudes